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153: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 22:59:38.41
ラダーン倒した後ってどこ行くの?
砂漠に放り出されたんだけど

 

158: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:01:00.10
>>153
フロムの広いエリアには何かあると思った方がいい
崖沿いに進むと行ける場所があるよ
ストーリー進めるなら隕石落ちたとこでも他の大ルーン取ってもいいけどね

 

162: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:01:29.56
>>158
ありがとう

 

164: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:01:54.99
>>153
一番奥の崖にある洞窟に向かう

 

173: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:02:56.49
>>164
ありがとう

 

177: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:04:25.27
>>173
周辺に祝福あるからまずはそこな。
近くにオオカミと大壺もいる

 

182: 名無しさん 2022/03/16(水) 23:04:58.20
>>173
壺には話しかけといた方が良いよ
俺は今めっちゃ後悔してる

引用元:https://pug.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/gamerpg/1647437762/

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    Introduction

    Types of Steroids

    Effects and Side Effects

    History and Usage

    # Contents

    ## Steroid
    Steroids are a class of organic compounds characterized by a specific type of chemical structure.
    They are primarily found in animals, plants, fungi, and some
    bacteria, where they play diverse roles in biological processes.

    Steroids have three interconnected rings, with functional groups such as hydroxyl or ketone groups attached
    to the molecule. Their structure is crucial for their activity, enabling them to
    act as hormones, vitamins, or other bioactive compounds.

    ## Page version status
    This page is based on content from Wikipedia and other reliable sources.
    It has been reviewed and updated by experts in the field.
    For more detailed information, please refer to the original source materials.

    ## Nomenclature
    The nomenclature of steroids refers to the systematic naming of these compounds.
    Steroids are named based on their structural features or biological functions.

    For example, "cholesterol" refers to a specific steroid molecule produced in the liver
    and used in animal cell membranes. Other examples include "sex hormones,"
    such as estrogen and testosterone, which are steroidal molecules involved in reproduction and endocrine regulation.

    ## Rings and functional groups
    Steroids have a unique structure with three interconnected rings.
    The core of the steroid framework consists of two
    cyclohexane rings fused together, forming a bicyclic system.

    Functional groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH) or ketone (C=O) groups, are
    attached to this framework and play a critical role in determining the biological activity of the
    molecule. These functional groups can influence steroid behavior,
    such as their affinity for specific receptors or their solubility in different environments.

    ## Naming convention
    The naming convention for steroids follows specific rules that help differentiate between the
    various types of steroidal molecules. The name often includes a prefix derived from the class
    of compounds (e.g., "sterol" for cholesterol, "keto" for ketone-containing sterols).
    Additional suffixes may indicate modifications or functional groups present on the molecule.
    This system ensures clarity and precision in communication within scientific communities.

    ## Species distribution
    Steroids are distributed across a wide range of species.
    Their presence is not limited to one type of organism, as they can be
    found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
    For example:
    - **Eukaryotic organisms**: Steroids are abundant in animals, plants,
    fungi, and single-celled eukaryotes like protozoa.
    - **Prokaryotic organisms**: Sterols, a type of steroid, are found in bacterial cell membranes and play a role in maintaining membrane integrity.

    ## Eukaryotic
    In eukaryotic organisms, steroids serve various biological functions.
    For instance:
    - Animals produce a wide variety of steroids, including sex hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone) that
    regulate reproduction and metabolism.
    - Plants synthesize sterols as part of their cell membranes,
    contributing to the strength and structure of these cellular structures.

    - Fungi also produce sterols, such as ergosterol,
    which is essential for the integrity of fungal
    cell membranes.

    ## Prokaryotic
    In prokaryotic organisms, sterols are a key component of bacterial cell
    membranes. These sterols help maintain membrane fluidity and flexibility, ensuring that the cell can function under various environmental conditions.
    While sterols are common in bacteria and archaea, they are not typically found in other types of prokaryotes, such as viruses.

    ## Fungal
    Fungi produce a variety of sterols, including ergosterol,
    which is a fundamental component of fungal cell membranes.
    Ergosterol's structure differs slightly from cholesterol, the primary
    sterol in animals, but it serves similar functions in maintaining membrane
    integrity and facilitating the transport of ions and nutrients
    across the membrane.

    ## Plant
    In plants, sterols are essential for the structural integrity of cellular membranes.

    Unlike animals, plants do not synthesize cholesterol but instead produce a related molecule called phytosterol.

    Phytosterols share some structural similarities with animal sterols but have unique features that make them suited
    to plant biology. These compounds contribute to
    membrane stability and help regulate growth and development in plants.

    ## Animal
    Animals are perhaps the most complex users of steroids, producing a vast array of these molecules for various purposes.

    For example:
    - **Sex hormones**: Steroids such as testosterone (male) and estrogen (female)
    play critical roles in reproduction and sexual differentiation.
    - **Adrenal steroids**: The adrenal glands produce corticosteroids, which are involved in stress response and
    immune function.
    - **Vitamin D**: A steroid molecule derived from cholesterol that is essential
    for bone health and calcium absorption.
    - **Other sterols**: Cholesterol itself is a
    vital component of animal cell membranes and precursor to various hormones and other bioactive compounds.

    ## Types
    Steroids can be categorized based on their function or structure:
    - **By function**: Sex steroids (e.g., estrogen, testosterone), adrenal
    steroids (e.g., cortisol), vitamin D derivatives, and sterols like cholesterol.

    - **By structure**: Intact ring systems, cleaved rings,
    contracted rings, or expanded rings.

    ## Rings and functional groups
    The number and arrangement of rings in the steroid framework influence its biological activity.
    For example:
    - **Intact ring system**: Steroids with all three
    rings intact often retain their basic structural features,
    allowing them to interact with specific receptors and perform
    normal cellular functions.
    - **Cleaved rings**: Modified steroids where one
    or more rings have been broken or altered can result in compounds with different properties.
    These derivatives may be more effective at targeting specific
    cellular pathways or receptors.
    - **Contracted rings**: Steroids with one ring contracted into a smaller, often five-membered structure are
    common in certain hormones and signaling molecules.

    - **Expanded rings**: Some steroid derivatives have additional carbons added to the
    ring system, altering their shape and function.

    ## Biological significance
    Steroids are biologically significant compounds with diverse roles in organisms.
    They serve as signaling molecules, hormone precursors,
    and structural components of cell membranes. For example:
    - **Signaling**: Steroids can act as hormones, transmitting signals within and between cells to
    regulate gene expression and cellular activity.

    - **Vitamin D**: A steroid derivative that is essential for bone health and calcium absorption.
    - **Cholesterol**: A major component of animal cell membranes, which also serves
    as a precursor for sex hormones and other steroidal molecules.

    ## Biosynthesis and metabolism
    The biosynthesis of steroids involves complex biochemical pathways that convert simple precursors into highly structured molecules.

    The two primary pathways for steroid synthesis are the
    Mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol
    biosynthesis pathway) and the alternative pathways, such as
    the reverse transport of sterols in cells.

    ### Mevalonate pathway
    The Mevalonate pathway is a series of enzymatic reactions that convert acetyl-CoA into mevalonic acid, which
    serves as a precursor for the synthesis of
    cholesterol and other steroids. This pathway is active in most animals and plays a critical
    role in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis.

    ### Steroidogenesis
    Steroidogenesis refers to the process by which sterols are synthesized and modified into biologically active
    molecules. For example, cholesterol can be
    converted into vitamin D in sunlight, or transformed into sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.
    This process is tightly regulated by the body to ensure that steroid levels remain within a healthy range.

    ### Alternative pathways
    In addition to the Mevalonate pathway, alternative pathways for steroid biosynthesis exist,
    particularly in certain tissues and organisms. These pathways may involve different precursors
    or unique enzymatic modifications, allowing for the production of specialized sterols tailored to specific biological needs.

    ### Catabolism and excretion
    Once steroids have fulfilled their biological function, they are broken down by enzymes known as steroid
    sulfatases and sulfotransferases. This process, known as catabolism, converts the steroids into inactive metabolites that
    can be safely excreted from the body. The excretion of sterols is a critical step in maintaining
    homeostasis and preventing the buildup of potentially harmful levels of these molecules.

    ## Isolation, structure determination, and methods of analysis
    The isolation and structural determination of steroids are essential for understanding their
    biological roles and developing new therapies. Techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance
    (NMR) spectroscopy are commonly used to isolate and analyze steroidal
    compounds. These methods allow researchers to identify unknown steroids or study the
    structure of known molecules in detail.

    ## Chemical synthesis
    The chemical synthesis of steroids involves the use of organic chemistry techniques
    to construct these molecules from simpler precursors.

    While natural methods dominate in biological contexts, synthetic approaches have been developed for the purposes of research and drug
    development. Synthesis can be challenging due to the complexity of the steroid framework,
    but advanced methodologies have made it possible to create sterols with
    specific structural modifications.

    ### Precursors
    The synthesis of steroids begins with precursors
    such as mevalonic acid or isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP),
    which are derived from acetyl-CoA. These compounds undergo a series of enzymatic reactions to
    produce the steroid nucleus, the core structure of all sterols.

    ### Semisynthesis
    Semisynthesis involves the chemical manipulation of naturally occurring
    steroids or their derivatives to create new molecules with desired properties.
    This approach is particularly useful for modifying existing sterols to enhance their biological activity or
    improve their pharmacokinetics.

    ### Total synthesis
    Total synthesis refers to the de novo construction of steroids from
    non-steroidal precursors, without relying on natural sources.

    This method is often used in drug discovery to create molecules with therapeutic potential.
    The challenge lies in replicating the complex structure and
    biological activity of naturally occurring sterols.

    ## Research awards
    Over the years, significant research has been conducted
    into the chemistry, biology, and applications of steroids.
    Notable scientists in this field have received awards for
    their contributions to understanding steroid metabolism, biosynthesis,
    and function. These achievements have led to advancements in fields such as medicine, nutrition, and
    pharmacology.

    ## See also
    - **Lipid metabolism**
    - **Endocrinology**
    - **Biochemistry**

    ## References
    This article is based on publicly available information and does not constitute medical
    advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical
    concerns or before starting any new treatment regimen.

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